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# libpostal: international street address NLP
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[](https://travis-ci.org/openvenues/libpostal) [](https://github.com/openvenues/libpostal/blob/master/LICENSE)
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[](#sponsors)
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[](#backers)
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:jp: :us: :gb: :ru: :fr: :kr: :it: :es: :cn: :de:
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<span>🇧🇷</span> <span>🇫🇮</span> <span>🇳🇬</span> :jp: <span>🇽🇰 </span> <span>🇧🇩 </span> <span>🇵🇱 </span> <span>🇻🇳 </span> <span>🇧🇪 </span> <span>🇲🇦 </span> <span>🇺🇦 </span> <span>🇯🇲 </span> :ru: <span>🇮🇳 </span> <span>🇱🇻 </span> <span>🇧🇴 </span> :de: <span>🇸🇳 </span> <span>🇦🇲 </span> :kr: <span>🇳🇴 </span> <span>🇲🇽 </span> <span>🇨🇿 </span> <span>🇹🇷 </span> :es: <span>🇸🇸 </span> <span>🇪🇪 </span> <span>🇧🇭 </span> <span>🇳🇱 </span> :cn: <span>🇵🇹 </span> <span>🇵🇷 </span> :gb: <span>🇵🇸 </span>
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libpostal is a C library for parsing/normalizing street addresses around the world. This [introductory blog post](https://medium.com/@albarrentine/statistical-nlp-on-openstreetmap-b9d573e6cc86) is a good overview of the research and thought process behind libpostal.
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libpostal is a C library for parsing/normalizing street addresses around the world using statistical NLP and open data. For a more comprehensive overview of the research, check out the [introductory blog post](https://medium.com/@albarrentine/statistical-nlp-on-openstreetmap-b9d573e6cc86), but to sum up, the goal of this project is to understand location-based strings in every language, everywhere.
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Addresses and the geographic coordinates they represent are essential for any location-based application (map search, transportation, on-demand/delivery services, check-ins, reviews). Yet even the simplest addresses are packed with local conventions, abbreviations and context, making them difficult to index/query effectively with traditional full-text search engines, which are designed for document indexing. This library helps convert the free-form addresses that humans use into clean normalized forms suitable for machine comparison and full-text indexing.
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<span>🇷🇴 </span> <span>🇬🇭 </span> <span>🇦🇺 </span> <span>🇲🇾 </span> <span>🇭🇷 </span> <span>🇭🇹 </span> :us: <span>🇿🇦 </span> <span>🇷🇸 </span> <span>🇨🇱 </span> :it: <span>🇰🇪 <span>🇨🇭 </span> <span>🇨🇺 </span> <span>🇸🇰 </span> <span>🇦🇴 </span> <span>🇩🇰 </span> <span>🇹🇿 </span> <span>🇦🇱 </span> <span>🇨🇴 </span> <span>🇮🇱 </span> <span>🇬🇹 </span> :fr: <span>🇵🇭 </span> <span>🇦🇹 </span> <span>🇱🇨 </span> <span>🇮🇸 <span>🇮🇩 </span> </span> <span>🇦🇪 </span> </span> <span>🇸🇰 </span> <span>🇹🇳 </span> <span>🇰🇭 </span> <span>🇦🇷 </span> <span>🇭🇰 </span>
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While libpostal is not itself a full geocoder, it can be used as a preprocessing step to make any geocoding application smarter, simpler, and more consistent internationally.
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Addresses and the locations they represent are essential for any application dealing with maps (place search, transportation, on-demand/delivery services, check-ins, reviews). Yet even the simplest addresses are packed with local conventions, abbreviations and context, making them difficult to index/query effectively with traditional full-text search engines. This library helps convert the free-form addresses that humans use into clean normalized forms suitable for machine comparison and full-text indexing. Though libpostal is not itself a full geocoder, it can be used as a preprocessing step to make any geocoding application smarter, simpler, and more consistent internationally.
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The core library is written in pure C. Language bindings for [Python](https://github.com/openvenues/pypostal), [Ruby](https://github.com/openvenues/ruby_postal), [Go](https://github.com/openvenues/gopostal), [Java](https://github.com/openvenues/jpostal), [PHP](https://github.com/openvenues/php-postal), and [NodeJS](https://github.com/openvenues/node-postal) are officially supported and it's easy to write bindings in other languages.
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Sponsors
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------------
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If your company is using libpostal, consider asking your organization to sponsor the project and help fund our continued research into geo + NLP. Interpreting what humans mean when they refer to locations is far from a solved problem, and sponsorships help us pursue new frontiers in machine geospatial intelligence. As a sponsor, your company logo will appear prominently on the Github repo page along with a link to your site. [Sponsorship info](https://opencollective.com/libpostal#sponsor)
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/0/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/0/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/1/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/1/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/2/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/2/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/3/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/3/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/4/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/4/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/5/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/5/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/6/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/6/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/7/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/7/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/8/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/8/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/9/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/9/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/10/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/10/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/11/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/11/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/12/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/12/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/13/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/13/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/14/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/14/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/15/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/15/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/16/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/16/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/17/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/17/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/18/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/18/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/19/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/19/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/20/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/20/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/21/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/21/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/22/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/22/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/23/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/23/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/24/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/24/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/25/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/25/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/26/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/26/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/27/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/27/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/28/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/28/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/29/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/sponsor/29/avatar.svg"></a>
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Backers
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------------
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Individual users can also help support open geo NLP research by making a monthly donation:
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/0/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/0/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/1/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/1/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/2/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/2/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/3/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/3/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/4/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/4/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/5/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/5/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/6/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/6/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/7/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/7/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/8/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/8/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/9/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/9/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/10/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/10/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/11/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/11/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/12/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/12/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/13/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/13/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/14/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/14/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/15/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/15/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/17/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/17/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/18/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/18/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/19/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/19/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/20/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/20/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/21/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/21/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/22/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/22/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/23/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/23/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/24/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/24/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/25/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/25/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/26/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/26/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/27/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/27/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/28/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/28/avatar.svg"></a>
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<a href="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/29/website" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/libpostal/backer/29/avatar.svg"></a>
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Examples of parsing
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-------------------
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libpostal implements the first statistical address parser that works well internationally,
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trained on ~50 million addresses in over 100 countries and as many
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languages. We use OpenStreetMap (anything with an addr:* tag) and the OpenCage
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address format templates at: https://github.com/OpenCageData/address-formatting
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to construct the training data, supplementing with containing polygons and
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perturbing the inputs in a number of ways to make the parser as robust as possible
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to messy real-world input.
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These example parse results are taken from the interactive address_parser program
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that builds with libpostal when you run ```make```. Note that the parser is robust to
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commas vs. no commas, casing, different permutations of components (if the input
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is e.g. just city or just city/postcode).
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The parser achieves very high accuracy on held-out data, currently 98.9%
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correct full parses (meaning a 1 in the numerator for getting *every* token
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in the address correct).
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Usage (parser)
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--------------
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Here's an example of the parser API using the Python bindings:
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```python
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from postal.parser import parse_address
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parse_address('The Book Club 100-106 Leonard St Shoreditch London EC2A 4RH, United Kingdom')
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```
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And an example with the C API:
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <libpostal/libpostal.h>
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int main(int argc, char **argv) {
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// Setup (only called once at the beginning of your program)
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if (!libpostal_setup() || !libpostal_setup_parser()) {
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exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
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}
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address_parser_options_t options = get_libpostal_address_parser_default_options();
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address_parser_response_t *parsed = parse_address("781 Franklin Ave Crown Heights Brooklyn NYC NY 11216 USA", options);
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for (size_t i = 0; i < parsed->num_components; i++) {
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printf("%s: %s\n", parsed->labels[i], parsed->components[i]);
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}
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// Free parse result
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address_parser_response_destroy(parsed);
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// Teardown (only called once at the end of your program)
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libpostal_teardown();
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libpostal_teardown_parser();
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}
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```
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Examples of normalization
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-------------------------
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@@ -85,81 +222,24 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
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}
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```
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Examples of parsing
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-------------------
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libpostal implements the first statistical address parser that works well internationally,
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trained on ~50 million addresses in over 100 countries and as many
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languages. We use OpenStreetMap (anything with an addr:* tag) and the OpenCage
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address format templates at: https://github.com/OpenCageData/address-formatting
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to construct the training data, supplementing with containing polygons and
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perturbing the inputs in a number of ways to make the parser as robust as possible
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to messy real-world input.
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These example parse results are taken from the interactive address_parser program
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that builds with libpostal when you run ```make```. Note that the parser is robust to
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commas vs. no commas, casing, different permutations of components (if the input
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is e.g. just city or just city/postcode).
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The parser achieves very high accuracy on held-out data, currently 98.9%
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correct full parses (meaning a 1 in the numerator for getting *every* token
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in the address correct).
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Usage (parser)
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--------------
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Here's an example of the parser API using the Python bindings:
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```python
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from postal.parser import parse_address
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parse_address('The Book Club 100-106 Leonard St Shoreditch London EC2A 4RH, United Kingdom')
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```
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And an example with the C API:
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```c
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <libpostal/libpostal.h>
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int main(int argc, char **argv) {
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// Setup (only called once at the beginning of your program)
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if (!libpostal_setup() || !libpostal_setup_parser()) {
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exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
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}
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address_parser_options_t options = get_libpostal_address_parser_default_options();
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address_parser_response_t *parsed = parse_address("781 Franklin Ave Crown Heights Brooklyn NYC NY 11216 USA", options);
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for (size_t i = 0; i < parsed->num_components; i++) {
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printf("%s: %s\n", parsed->labels[i], parsed->components[i]);
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}
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// Free parse result
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address_parser_response_destroy(parsed);
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// Teardown (only called once at the end of your program)
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libpostal_teardown();
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libpostal_teardown_parser();
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}
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```
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Installation
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------------
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Before you install, make sure you have the following prerequisites:
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**On Linux (Ubuntu)**
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|
**On Ubuntu/Debian**
|
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|
|
```
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|
|
sudo apt-get install curl libsnappy-dev autoconf automake libtool pkg-config
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|
|
```
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**On CentOS/RHEL**
|
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|
|
```
|
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|
|
sudo yum install snappy snappy-devel autoconf automake libtool pkgconfig
|
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|
|
```
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**On Mac OSX**
|
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|
|
```
|
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|
|
sudo brew install snappy autoconf automake libtool pkg-config
|
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|
|
brew install snappy autoconf automake libtool pkg-config
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
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|
|
Then to install the C library:
|
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|
|
@@ -203,16 +283,25 @@ Libpostal is designed to be used by higher-level languages. If you don't see yo
|
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|
|
- Java/JVM: [jpostal](https://github.com/openvenues/jpostal)
|
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|
|
- PHP: [php-postal](https://github.com/openvenues/php-postal)
|
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|
|
- NodeJS: [node-postal](https://github.com/openvenues/node-postal)
|
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|
|
- R: [poster](https://github.com/ironholds/poster)
|
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|
|
**Unofficial language bindings**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- LuaJIT: [lua-resty-postal](https://github.com/bungle/lua-resty-postal)
|
|
|
|
|
- R: [poster](https://github.com/ironholds/poster)
|
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|
|
- Perl: [Geo::libpostal](https://metacpan.org/pod/Geo::libpostal)
|
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|
|
**Database extensions**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- PostgreSQL: [pgsql-postal](https://github.com/pramsey/pgsql-postal)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Unofficial REST API**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Libpostal REST: [libpostal REST](https://github.com/johnlonganecker/libpostal-rest)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Libpostal REST Docker**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Libpostal REST Docker [Libpostal REST Docker](https://github.com/johnlonganecker/libpostal-rest-docker)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Command-line usage (expand)
|
|
|
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Al